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    Lateral Cephalometric Standards for Mongolian 6-15 Year Old Children with Normal Occlusion
    (Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences, 2018-09-25) ; ; ;
    Keiji Moriyama
    ;
    Objectives: The aim of this study was to establish the age and gender-specific lateral cephalometric standards for Mongolian children with normal occlusion. Methods: A total of 541 children between 6 and 15 years of age were selected based on the normal occlusion criteria. Lateral cephalograms of each subject were scanned and analyzed with the use of WinCeph version 11.0 software package. Descriptive statistics (mean and standard deviation) were calculated for all measured variables. Independent t-tests were performed to assess the intergender differences. Results: Cephalometric angular measurements remain largely constant, whereas most cephalometric linear measurements change with advancing age, such as anterior facial height (N-Ans, Ans-Me), hard palatal length (Ans-Pns) mandibular ramus height (Cd-Go), mandibular body length (Cd-Gn) were increasing significantly by dental age in both gender. Gender differences were not statistically significant for any of the angular measurement at ages studied, but linear measurements of male subjects had larger average values than female subjects. Conclusion: Our results showed that linear cephalometric dimension of the hard tissue was gender-dependent. Therefore, gender-specific differences of craniofacial distances should be taken into account during diagnosis and treatment planning. The results from this study can be used as reference values for 6-15 years old children of Mongolia.
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    Arnett Facial Soft-tissue Cephalometric Analysis Norms for Mongolian Children
    (Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences, 2020-06-25) ; ; ; ;
    Keiji Moriyama
    Objectives: This study aimed to determine norms cephalometric norms of Mongolian children and compare their development in boys and girls between 6 and 15 years of age. Methods: Lateral cephalograms were performed on 541 subjects (225 male and 316 females) having normal occlusion between the ages of 6 to 15 years.All radiographs were digitized on a computer using a cephalometric software program. A total of 6 angular, 38 linear measurements were measured by a radiologist for skeletal hard and soft tissue analysis. Results: Mx-ocdusal plane angle, Md1 to Md occlusal plane angle. Nasolabial angle decreased with age. Mx1, Mx occlusal plane angle, and overbite were stable with age. In contrast, the other measurements typically increased with age. No statistically significant gender differences were observed. Some distinct ethnic differences were found between Caucasians and Mongolian children with Mongolian children having thinner and shorter lips compared to Caucasians. Conclusions: No significant differences were observed in any of the dentoskeletal factors representing hard tissue to hard tissue measurements. Results were similar to those found in Caucasian males and females.
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    Facial Soft Tissue Profile Analysis in Mongolian Children
    (Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences, 2020-12-29) ; ; ; ;
    Objectives: The present study aimed to evaluate the specific variables of facial soft tissue changes in Mongolian children using angular and linear measurements. Methods: We studied the lateral cephalograms of 541 subjects (228 male and 313 females) having normal occlusion between the ages of 6 and 15 years. Two orthodontists read all radiographs to determine their cerebral vertebral maturation index (CVMI). The radiographs were digitized and cephalometric measurements were made. Results: The Gl'-Sn-Pg' angle for all participants was 170.2 ± 5.4°. The Nasofrontal Gl’-N’-Tn’ angle was 147.2 ± 7.6° for all participants. It decreased with CVMI stage for girls (p = 0.000). The Nasofacial angle Tn- N'- Pog' angle averaged 20.4 ± 7.7° for all participants. The Nasomental angle N'- Tn-Pog' angle on averaged 144.9 ± 4.3° for all participants. It decreased with the CVMI stage for girls (p = 0.000). The Mentocervical Tn-Pog Me-NTP angle was significantly larger in boys than girls (107.8 ± 8.6° vs. 105.3 ± 7.8°, p = 0.001). The Nasolabial angle Ls-Sn-Col angle averaged 100.8 ± 10.6° for all subjects. It decreased with the CVMI stage for both boys (p = 0.043) and girls (p = 0.021). The distance between the E line and TUL was significantly larger in boys than girls (1.7 ± 2.1 vs. 1.2 ± 2.0 mm, p = 0.004). It also significantly decreased with the CVMI stage for both boys (p = 0.033) and girls (p = 0.000). The space between the E line and TLL averaged 1.9 ± 2.0 mm for all subjects. It did not differ by gender. However, it decreased with the CVMI in both boys (p = 0.022) and girls (p = 0.006). Conclusions: We have provided important results for comparing cephalometric soft-tissue values in Mongolian children in this study. These results provide a valuable guide for orthodontic diagnosis and treatment in our country.
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    Монгол хүүхдийн нүүрний зөөлөн эдийн хажуугийн төрхийг судалсан дүн
    Үндэслэл: Монгол хүүхдийн нүүрний төрхийн хэвийн дундаж хэмжээг тогтоох судалгаа манай оронд өмнө нь хийгдэж байгаагүй бөгөөд уг үзүүлэлтийг тодруулснаар, нүүр амны гажиг, согог засал, нөхөн сэргээх мэс заслын оношилгоо, эмчилгээнд төдийгүй хүн судлал, шүүх эмнэлэг, эргономик, хиймэл оюун ухааны салбарт чухал баримт болох юм. Зорилго: Монгол хүүхдийн нүүрний хажуугийн төрхийг гавлын хажуугийн рентген зураг (ГХРЗ) дээр судалж, хэвийн дундаж үзүүлэлтүүдийг тогтоох. Судалгааны материал ба арга зүй: Ретроспектив агшингийн судалгааны загвараар, “Монгол хүүхдийн эрүү нүүрний морфологийн өсөлт хөгжилт ба эрүү нүүрний гажиг үүсэх хүчин зүйлийг хэлэлцэх нь” сэдэвт судалгааны ажлын төслийн хүрээнд 2013 онд цугларсан мэдээ, материалд тулгуурлан, 6-15 настай харьцангуй эрүүл 541 (228 эрэгтэй, 313 эмэгтэй) хүүхдийн гавлын хажуугийн рентген зураг дээр нүүрний зөөлөн эдийн өнцгийн хэмжилтийг 11 анатомийн цэг, 1 хавтгай ашиглан судалж, 8 үзүүлэлтийг тодруулахдаа хүзүүний ясны хөгжилтийн үзүүлэлтийн ангиллыг баримтлав. Дүгнэлт: Монгол хүүхдийн нүүрний хажуугийн төрх өсвөр насандаа илүү гүдгэр болж, цаашид нас ахих тусам хавтгай болдог байна. Хүйс хоорондын ялгааны статистик ач холбогдол хэмжилт бүр дээр харилцан адилгүй байв.
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    Association Between Malocclusion and Academic Performance Among Mongolian Adolescents
    (Frontiers Media, 2021-01-22)
    Nomin Badrakhkhuu
    ;
    Yusuke Matsuyama
    ;
    Miyu Yoshizawa Araki
    ;
    Yuko Unnai Yasuda
    ;
    Takuya Ogawa
    Objective: Malocclusion has been reported to affect the daily lives of schoolchildren adversely, but little is known regarding the association between malocclusion and academic performance. We aimed to investigate the association between malocclusion and academic performance among adolescents in Mongolia. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study of 767 students aged 7–16 years from two public schools in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia. Three orthodontists evaluated the need for malocclusion treatment in the participants and determined the type of malocclusion using the Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need and dental casts. The academic scores of study participants in 20 subjects were provided by their schools. Z-scores within subjects were calculated and aggregated into both overall and in six groups of subject categories comprised of mathematics, science, social science, language, arts, and physical education. A multiple linear regression analysis was performed to determine the association between malocclusion, malocclusion type, and academic score adjusted for gender, age, school, and family income. Results: Of the 767 students, 32.6% had malocclusion, and dental crowding was the most prevalent type (162 cases, 21.1%). Malocclusion was not significantly associated with the z-score of overall academic score [coefficient: 0.04, 95% confidence interval (CI): −0.11 to 0.19]; however, dental crowding was significantly associated with the overall academic score (coefficient: −0.19, 95% CI: −0.35 to −0.03), after adjusting for covariates. Other types of malocclusion were not associated with academic scores. Among the six subject categories, arts (coefficient: −0.20, 95% CI: −0.36 to −0.04) and physical education (coefficient: −0.24, 95% CI: −0.42 to −0.07) were significantly associated with dental crowding. Conclusions: Schoolchildren in Mongolia with dental crowding may be prone to poor academic performance, particularly in arts and physical education classes. Further randomized controlled trials are needed to determine whether the treatment of crowding boosts academic performance.
    Scopus© Citations 4
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    Association between maternal education and malocclusion in Mongolian adolescents: a cross-sectional study
    (2016-11) ;
    Fujiwara, Takeo
    ;
    Komazaki, Yuko
    ;
    Kawaguchi, Yoko
    ;
    Tanaka, Toshihiro
    OBJECTIVE: Malocclusion is a highly prevalent condition, affecting 20-60% of adolescents worldwide. Although its treatment is often expensive and unaffordable for disadvantaged individuals, few studies have examined the relationship between malocclusion and socioeconomic status. We investigated the prevalence of malocclusion among Mongolian adolescents and its association with maternal education in a community-based sample in Mongolia. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. SETTINGS: 2 large secondary schools with different backgrounds in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia. PARTICIPANTS: Complete dental casts of 557 randomly recruited Mongolian schoolchildren aged 11-16 years were evaluated using the Dental Health Component of the Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need to dichotomise orthodontic treatment requirements. Exclusion criteria were the presence of orthodontic treatment history and absence of maternal educational status. Questionnaires were administered to caregivers to assess socioeconomic status. Poisson regression analysis was performed to examine the association between malocclusion and maternal educational status. RESULTS: The prevalence of malocclusion requiring orthodontic treatment among all adolescents was 35.2% (95% CI 31.2 to 39.2). In the unadjusted analysis, the prevalence ratio (PR) for malocclusion was higher (PR=1.46; 95% CI 0.96 to 2.20) among adolescents of mothers with a high educational background than among those of mothers with a low educational background. After adjusting for covariates, the PR remained significantly higher (PR=1.72; 95% CI 1.06 to 2.82) among adolescents of mothers with a high educational background. Other socioeconomic status variables, including family income and the educational level of the father, showed no association with malocclusion. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that malocclusion requiring orthodontic treatment in adolescents is more prevalent among children of mothers with high levels of education. Further studies are needed to clarify the behavioural factors and environmental circumstance that contribute to this.
    Scopus© Citations 16
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    Associations between Malocclusion and Oral Health-Related Quality of Life among Mongolian Adolescents
    (2017-08)
    Araki, Miyu
    ;
    Yasuda, Yuko
    ;
    Ogawa, Takuya
    ;
    ;
    Malocclusion may affect oral health-related quality of life (OHR-QoL), however, the previously detected associations were affected by confounding factors. We hypothesized that there is indeed an association between OHR-QoL and malocclusion and investigated in a population-based study of 420 Mongolian adolescents mean age: 12.6 (standard deviation (SD) = 1.09) years from two secondary schools, located in an urban and a suburban area. We randomly selected two classes from each school. The Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need (IOTN) was used to assess malocclusion. OHR-QoL was assessed using the Child Perceptions Questionnaire (CPQ). Multivariate analysis was used to determine whether malocclusion had an independent effect on OHR-QoL. Overall, the existence of any type of malocclusion was not significantly associated with CPQ results. However, increased overjet was significantly associated with oral symptoms (coefficient: 0.66, 95% CI: 0.14-1.19), functional limitations (coefficient: 0.62, 95% CI: 0.17-1.08), and social well-being (coefficient: 0.50, 95% CI: 0.06-0.93). Deep bite was also significantly associated with oral symptoms (coefficient: 0.54, 95% CI: 0.23-0.84) and functional limitations (coefficient: 0.45, 95% CI: 0.19-0.72). Although malocclusion per se was not significantly associated with OHR-QoL, specific types of malocclusion, i.e., increased overjet and deep bite, were associated with OHR-QoL.
    Scopus© Citations 30
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    Монгол хүүхдийн хамар уруулын өнцгийг тодорхойлсон нь
    (2023-05-18) ;
    Э.Билгүүн
    ;
    Ш.Батсүх
    ;
    Р.Алтанзул
    ;
    Үндэслэл: Монгол улсад хүүхдийн эрүү нүүрний гажгийн тархалт болон эмчилгээний хэрэгцээ их байгаа нь оношилгоо, эмчилгээний арга, техникийг сайжруулах шаардлагатайг харуулж байна. Монгол хүүхдийн нүүрний төрхийн хэвийн дундаж хэмжээ, тэр дундаа хамар уруулын өнцгийн үзүүлэлтийг тодруулснаар, нүүр амны гажиг, согог засал, нөхөн сэргээх мэс заслын оношилгоо, эмчилгээнд төдийгүй хүн судлал, шүүх эмнэлэг, эргономик, хиймэл оюун ухааны салбарт чухал баримт болох юм. Хамар уруулын өнцөг нь нүүрний төрхийг илтгэх гоо сайхны нэгэн хэмжигдэхүүн бөгөөд хэвийн үзүүлэлтэй харьцуулснаар оношилгоо хийх, эмчилгээний төлөвлөгөө боловсруулах, явцын үр дүнг хянах, харьцуулах боломжийг олгоно. Зорилго: Бид Монгол хүүхдийн хамар уруулын өнцгийг толгойн хажуугийн рентген зураг дээр судалж, хэвийн дундаж үзүүлэлтийг тогтоох. Арга, аргачлал: Судалгааг ретроспектив судалгааны загвараар “Монгол хүүхдийн эрүү нүүрний морфологийн өсөлт хөгжилт ба эрүү нүүрний гажиг үүсэх хүчин зүйлийг хэлэлцэх нь” сэдэвт судалгааны ажлын төслийн хүрээнд нийслэлийн ерөнхий боловсролын 33, 67 дугаар дунд сургуульд суралцагч 6-15 настай харьцангуй эрүүл 541 (228 эрэгтэй, 313 эмэгтэй) хүүхдийн 2013-аас 2015 онд цугларсан материалд тулгуурлан толгойн хажуугийн рентген зураг дээр хамар уруулын өнцгийг судалж үзүүлэлтийг тодруулахдаа хүүхдийн өсөлт хөгжлийн онцлогийг харгалзан тооцоолж, хүзүүний ясны хөгжлийн ангиллыг баримтлав. Дүгнэлт: Монгол хүүхдийн хамар уруулын өнцөг нас ахих тусам багасдаг байна. Хүйс хооронд статистик ач холбогдол бүхий ялгаа ажиглагдсангүй.
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    Association between Smoking during Pregnancy and Short Root Anomaly in Offspring
    (2021-11)
    Sagawa, Yuki
    ;
    Ogawa, Takuya
    ;
    Matsuyama, Yusuke
    ;
    Nakagawa Kang, Junka
    ;
    Yoshizawa Araki, Miyu
    Short root anomaly (SRA) is a dental anomaly with short dental roots and its pathogenesis is poorly understood. This study investigated the association between maternal smoking during pregnancy and SRA in offspring. A survey was conducted on 558 children aged 8-16 years from two public schools in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia. SRA was diagnosed using cases with a root-crown ratio of maxillary central incisors of ≤1.0. A questionnaire survey was conducted to assess maternal lifestyle habits. Multiple logistic regression was used to analyse the association between maternal smoking during pregnancy and SRA in offspring after adjusting for possible confounders. The prevalence of SRA in these children was 14.2%. Children whose mothers smoked from pregnancy to date were found to be 4.95 times (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.65-14.79) more likely to have SRA than those whose mothers never smoked, after adjusting for possible confounders. Additionally, children whose mothers had been exposed to passive smoking during pregnancy were found to be 1.86 times (95% CI: 1.02-3.40) more likely to have SRA than those whose mothers had not been exposed to passive smoke. Our population-based study suggests that maternal and passive smoking exposure during pregnancy can affect tooth root formation in children.
    Scopus© Citations 8