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    Hypertension prevalence and control in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
    (2020-01)
    Potts, Harry
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    Baatarsuren, Uurtsaikh
    ;
    Myanganbayar, Maral
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    Purevdorj, Baigal
    ;
    Lkhagvadorj, Burtu-Ujin
    This study examines the prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control of hypertension in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia, using both the American Heart Association and conventional thresholds (130/80 and 140/90 mm Hg, respectively). In this randomized cross-sectional study, two-stage cluster sampling was used to obtain a sample of 4515 individuals aged ≥20 years. Hypertension was defined by the use of antihypertensives in the last 2 weeks or a blood pressure at or above the thresholds of 140/90 and 130/80 mm Hg. The mean age of the participants was 41.1 ± 14.0 years and 54.5% were women. Hypertension prevalence was 25.6% (using 140/90 mm Hg) and 46.5% (using 130/80 mm Hg). Prevalence increased with age and below 50 years men were consistently more likely to be hypertensive. Among hypertensive participants, the rates of awareness, treatment, and control were 69.7%, 46.8%, and 24.0% (using 140/90 mm Hg) and 49.1%, 25.8%, and 6.4% (using 130/80 mm Hg, respectively). Men had lower rates of awareness, treatment, and control compared with women, with the most pronounced differences at younger ages. This study shows that awareness, treatment, and control rates in Ulaanbaatar are better than in most low- and middle-income countries but are still suboptimal. The largest "care gap" was in young men where a regulatory requirement for annual workplace blood pressure screening has the potential to enhance care. A major hypertension control program has just been initiated in Ulaanbaatar.
    Scopus© Citations 18
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    Item type:Publication,
    Genealogical Identification and Short Tandem Repeat-Based Verification of Suspected Consanguinity in Mongolian Families
    (Informa UK Limited, 2026) ; ;
    Baatar, Buyandelger
    ;
    ;
    PURPOSE: The prevalence of consanguineous marriages remains high in several regions worldwide, particularly the Middle East and South Asia, with a reported rate of 58%. However, the prevalence and genetic characteristics of consanguineous marriages in Mongolia are not well studied. This study aimed to estimate the frequency of consanguineous marriages in selected Mongolian populations, using genealogical and short tandem repeat (STR) analyses. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This cross-sectional study was conducted at the Institute of Biomedicine at the Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences. A total of 574 individuals from 185 families across 43 soums in three provinces (X1, X2, and X3) were included. Genealogical analysis was used to construct pedigree-based consanguinity profiles, and STR analysis was performed to validate biological relatedness in selected families. RESULTS: Seventeen families were consanguineous, with a mean inbreeding coefficient of 0.089 ± 0.136, whereas 42 families were classified as suspected consanguinity. Among the confirmed cases, seven families with complete biological samples were further analyzed using STR markers, of which five showed molecular evidence of consanguinity (probabilities, 76.18-98.84%). The STR analysis of 29 families classified as suspected or non-consanguineous identified 13 families as non-consanguineous and 10 families showing possible or indeterminate relatedness. Notably, six families initially classified as suspected or non-consanguineous demonstrated molecular evidence of consanguinity (probabilities, 70.75-99.85%). Genetic diversity analysis revealed reduced heterozygosity in offspring from consanguineous families (expected heterozygosity [HE] = 0.7580, observed heterozygosity[HO] = 0.7045) compared with offspring from non-consanguineous families (HE = 0.7858, HO = 0.8110), with a significant reduction in HO (p = 0.0009). CONCLUSION: This study demonstrates the value of integrating genealogical and STR-based molecular approaches for the assessment of consanguinity in Mongolia. Molecular analyses identified consanguineous relationships that were not evident from pedigree information alone and revealed reduced genetic diversity among offspring from consanguineous families. These findings provide important baseline data for understanding the genetic consequences of consanguinity in the Mongolian population and support the need for large scale epidemiological and genetic investigation.
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    RBD-specific antibody response after two doses of different SARS-CoV-2 vaccines during the mass vaccination campaign in Mongolia
    (Public Library of Science (PLoS), 2023) ;
    Otgonbayar, Dashpagma
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    ; ;
    The SARS-CoV-2 vaccination campaign began in February 2021 and achieved a high rate of 62.7% of the total population fully vaccinated by August 16, 2021, in Mongolia. We aimed to assess the initial protective antibody production after two doses of a variety of types of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines in the Mongolian pre-vaccine antibody-naïve adult population. This prospective study was conducted from March-April to July-August of 2021. All participants received one of the four government-proposed COVID-19 vaccines including Pfizer/BioNTech (BNT162b2), AstraZeneca (ChAdOx1-S), Sinopharm (BBIBP-CorV), and Sputnik V (Gam-COVID-Vac). Before receiving the first shot, anti-SARS-CoV-2 S-RBD human IgG titers were measured in all participants (n = 1833), and titers were measured 21-28 days after the second shot in a subset of participants (n = 831). We found an overall average protective antibody response of 84.8% (705 of 831 vaccinated) in 21-28 days after two doses of the four types of COVID-19 vaccines. Seropositivity and titer of protective antibodies produced after two shots of vaccine were associated with the vaccine types, age, and residence of vaccinees. Seropositivity rate varied significantly between vaccine types, 80.0% (28 of 35) for AstraZeneca ChAdOx1-S; 97.0% (193 of 199) for Pfizer BNT162b2; 80.7% (474 of 587) for Sinopharm BBIBP-CorV, and 100.0% (10 of 10) for Sputnik V Gam-COVID-Vac, respectively. Immunocompromised vaccinees with increased risk for developing severe COVID-19 disease had received the Pfizer vaccine and demonstrated a high rate of seropositivity. A high geometric mean titer (GMT) was found in vaccinees who received BNT162b2, while vaccinees who received ChAdOx1-S, Sputnik V, and BBIBP-CorV showed a lower GMT. In summary, we observed first stages of the immunization campaign against COVID-19 in Mongolia have been completed successfully, with a high immunogenicity level achieved among the population with an increased risk for developing severe illness.
    Scopus© Citations 1
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    Diabetes management cascade in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
    (2025)
    Davaadamdin, Orkhonselenge
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    Ganbat, Bolor-Erdene
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    Baatarsuren, Uurtsaikh
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    Tuvdendarjaa, Khulan
    ;
    Myanganbayar, Maral
    OBJECTIVES: This study aims to determine the prevalence of diabetes and impaired glucose tolerance among the adult population in Ulaanbaatar, identify gaps in clinical care by assessing awareness, treatment, and control of the disease, and examine the trends in diabetes risk factors. METHODS: A representative sample of 2,169 adults aged 20 years and older from 9 districts of Ulaanbaatar was randomly selected for a cross-sectional survey conducted in 2018. Physical measurements were taken, and data were collected using the Mongolian version of the World Health Organization Instrument for Non-communicable Disease Risk Factor Surveillance (STEPS). RESULTS: The overall prevalence of diabetes among adults aged 20 and above was 6.27% (n = 136). Diabetes prevalence was significantly higher in men 7.5% (n = 73), than in women (5.3% (n = 63). OR=1.63, P < .007). Among those with diabetes, 48.5% were unaware of their condition, 15.4% were diagnosed but untreated, 30.2% were treated but uncontrolled, and only 5.9% achieved glycemic control. DISCUSSION: A major challenge in diabetes control in Ulaanbaatar is the low awareness and poor care-seeking behavior, especially among younger men. This reflects systematic and social challenges surrounding diabetes management in Mongolia. Further research is needed to explore barriers and opportunities to improve awareness and care.