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    An Exploration of Productivity Costs and Years of Potential Life Lost: Understanding the Impact of Premature Mortality From Injury in Mongolia
    This study estimates the years of potential life lost (YPLL), years of potential productive life lost (YPPLL), and cost of productivity loss (CPL) owing to injury-related mortalities in Mongolia. By implementing a retrospective cohort study, the study used secondary mortality data for Mongolia from 2016 to 2020 from the Health Development Center. Our study incorporates information on 13 551 fatalities from injuries and external factors, with the aim of estimating YPLL, YPPLL, and CPL associated with the leading causes injury-induced deaths. These include exposure to toxic substances, road accidents, homicides, suicides, and falls. Our findings reveal majority of the losses occur because of exposure to poisonous chemicals, road accidents, suicides, falls, and homicides. Furthermore, 444 550 years of potential life are lost owing to injury-related mortalities, in which YPPLL accounts for 338 482 years. The CPL caused by these premature deaths during the study period accounts for $1.368 billion. Notably, YPLL, YPPLL, and CPL rates are significantly higher in males than in females. The YPLL from exposure to poisonous chemicals is higher than those caused by other factors. This study is the first to calculate the CPL owing to YPLL from injury in Mongolia.
    Scopus© Citations 4
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    A decade of liver transplantation in Mongolia: Economic insights and cost analysis
    (Springer Science and Business Media LLC, 2024-07) ; ; ; ;
    Ganbold, Urnultsaikhan
    BACKGROUND: Mongolia introduced liver transplantation 10 years ago, becoming the 46th country globally to successfully perform this procedure. However, the cost of liver transplantation treatment remains expensive in Mongolia, a lower-middle-income country. Thus, the need to calculate the cost of liver transplants, a highly-valued treatment, forms the basis for this study. METHODS: This study employed a retrospective research design with secondary data. The primary dataset comprised 143 cases of liver transplantation performed at the First Central Hospital of Mongolia between 2011 and 2021. RESULTS: The average cost of a liver transplant in Mongolia is $39,589 ± 10,308, with 79.6% being direct costs and 20.4% indirect costs. Of the direct costs, 71% were attributed to drugs, medical equipment, and supplies, while 8.6% accounted for salaries. In terms of the Model of End-Stage Liver Disease (MELD) scores, treatment costs were $39,205 ± 10,786 for patients with MELD ≤ 14 points, $40,296 ± 1,517 for patients with MELD 15-20 points, $39,352 ± 8,718 for patients with MELD 21-27 points, and $39,812 ± 9,954 for patients with MELD ≤ 28 points, with no statistically significant difference (P = 0.953). However, when calculated according to the Child-Turcotte-Pugh (CTP) score classification, treatment cost for CTP-A patients was $35,970 ± 6,879, for CTP-B patients $41,951 ± 12,195, and for CTP-C patients $37,396 ± 6,701, which was statistically significant (Р=0.015). CONCLUSION: The average cost of liver transplantation treatment in Mongolia was $39,589. Despite medical facilities' capacity to treat up to 50 patients annually, the waiting list exceeds 300 individuals, highlighting significant unmet healthcare needs.
    Scopus© Citations 2
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    Prevalence and risk factors of Hepatitis E virus infection among Bactrian camel herders in Bayankhongor province, Mongolia
    (Veterinary World, 2024-07)
    Batmagnai, Enkhbaatar
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    Chimedregzen, Bat-Erdene
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    Osorjin, Buyankhuu
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    Bazartseren, Boldbaatar
    Scopus© Citations 3
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    Anthropometric and Body Circumference Determinants for Hand Grip Strength: A Population-Based Mon-Timeline Study
    BACKGROUND: Hand grip strength (HGS) is a tool for diagnosing sarcopenia. In this study, we examined some anthropometric and body circumference measurements as determinants for HGS. METHODS: This cross-sectional study was conducted with participants (Mongolians, n = 1080, aged 18-70, mean age of 41.2 ± 13.9 years, 33.7% of men) from the "Mon-Timeline" cohort study. To measure HGS, a digital grip strength dynamometer was used. RESULTS: Mean HGS in men was 40.1 ± 10.4 kg and in women was 24.5 ± 5.6 kg. Correlation analysis showed that the strongest correlation with HGS was height (r = 0.712, p < 0.001). Moreover, HGS was inversely correlated with age (r = -0.239, p < 0.001) and thigh circumference (r = -0.070, p < 0.01), while it was positively correlated with body weight (r = 0.309, p < 0.001), neck circumference (r = 0.427, p < 0.001), upper arm circumference (r = 0.108, p < 0.0001), lower arm circumference (r = 0.413, p < 0.0001), and calf circumference (r = 0.117, p < 0.0001). In the multivariate linear regression analysis (unstandardized B coefficient, 95% CI), age (-0.159, -0.188; -0.129), sex (-9.262, -10.459; -8.064), height (0.417, 0.357; 0.478), lower arm circumference (1.003, 0.736; 1.270), and calf circumference (-0.162, -0.309; -0.015) were significantly associated with HGS. CONCLUSIONS: When detecting sarcopenia using HGS, it is important to take into account variables such as body height and body circumference.
    Scopus© Citations 11
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    Diseases-attributable disability-adjusted life years in copper and molybdenum ore workers in Mongolia: 1999-2019
    Most illnesses and deaths in industry workers are associated with occupational diseases (ODs). In recent years, mining has grown rapidly into a major driver of the Mongolian economy. In this study, the organization-based registry data on OD incidence and mortality from the archival data of the 'Erdenet' Copper and Molybdenum Concentrator Plant in Mongolia were used. We estimated the ODs burden in disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) loss between 1999 and 2019. A total of 72,802 DALYs were lost over 20 years, of which 97.5% were due to years lived with disability and 2.5% for years of life lost. The disease burden was high in men, accounting for 76.8% of total DALY. In terms of age groups, among people aged 46-55, DALY accounted for the largest percentage of losses. We found that workplace dust, noise, ergonomics, and vibration were the main factors attributed to the DALYs during the past two decades.
    Scopus© Citations 2
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    Occupational Diseases in Mongolia: A Retrospective Analysis (1975-2023) with a 30-Year Trend Study
    (Korean Society of Occupational & Environmental Medicine, 2026-04) ; ; ;
    Ragchaabazar, Ulzii-Orshikh
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    BACKGROUND: Occupational diseases represent a significant global public health challenge, yet reliable data from transitioning economies remain limited. This study aimed to analyze newly confirmed occupational disease cases in Mongolia over a 50-year period (1975-2023), identifying long-term trends and the prevalence of leading disease categories. METHODS: A retrospective, record-based study was conducted using quantitative data from 10,233 officially confirmed and compensated cases of occupational diseases resulting in an officially certified loss of labor capacity. Incidence rates per 100,000 workers were calculated for the 1992-2023 period. Leading diseases were classified by organ system, with focused analyses on respiratory diseases, occupational poisonings, and neurological disorders. RESULTS: Dust- and particulate-induced respiratory diseases accounted for the largest proportion of cases (57.4%), followed by occupational neurological disorders (16.2%) and occupational poisonings (8.0%). From 1992 to 2023, incidence rates among male workers were consistently 3-7 times higher than those among female workers. Analysis of exposure duration showed mean durations of 13.6 ± 4.9 years for silicosis (J62) and 20.7 ± 10.7 years for inorganic substance poisoning (T57). While respiratory diseases were predominant historically, occupational neurological diseases demonstrated an increasing trend after 2015. CONCLUSIONS: Occupational neurological disorders are showing an increasing trend in Mongolia, reflecting a shift in the national occupational disease pattern. However, as the registry is based on the national compensation framework, these findings likely reflect recognized cases rather than the true epidemiological incidence, suggesting potential underreporting. Strengthening surveillance beyond the compensation system and improving diagnostic capacity for a broader range of work-related conditions are essential for effective prevention and policy development.
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    The Relationship Between Health Parameters, Body Size, Elements of Lifestyle, and Hand Grip Strength in a Group of Patients with Type 2 Diabetes, Aged 40-98, from Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
    Background/Objectives: Decreased muscle strength and lower hand grip strength (HGS) values are observed in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D). This study aimed to present the values of hand grip strength as a valuable tool in T2D treatment monitoring in the context of body size and lifestyle elements in 347 patients with type 2 diabetes from Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia. Methods: A retrospective cross-sectional study was performed at hospitals in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia. The maximum grip strengths of the right and left hands were measured three times, alternatively, using a digital hand dynamometer. The maximum grip strength of the dominant hand was used for the analysis. Results: The values of HGS in both hands dropped with increased age, systolic blood pressure (SBP), the duration of diabetes, and low glucose blood levels, whereas they increased with height. Patients who smoked had the lowest three values of HGS (the average value for each hand), whereas patients who quit smoking had the highest values. Second-order interactions between diastolic blood pressure (DBP) and sex showed a significant effect on the average HGS of both hands and for the left hand in particular (where HGS decreased only in females, whereas it increased in males). Conclusions: HGS is influenced by important socioeconomic and anthropometric factors in patients with type 2 diabetes, making it a valuable indicator of general health.
    Scopus© Citations 1