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    Pharmacy technician training in Mongolia: Past, present, and future
    (International Pharmaceutical Federation (FIP), 2022-10-22) ; ;
    Dovchinsuren, Baigalmaa
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    Sanjkhuu, Tugsbileg
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    Tribulus terrestris L. in traditional Mongolian medicine: Medicinal Applications, Phytochemistry, Pharmacology
    (EManuscript Services, 2025-05-07)
    Baigalmaa Dovchinsuren
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    Baigalmaa Dovchinsuren 1 , Ariunaa DamdinsurenIn 2024, a study was conducted to compare the medicinal formulas, ingredients, tastes, and properties of traditional medicines in Inner Mongolia and Mongolia.This study found that Mongolia has 510 traditional formulas, 581 types of taste, and 376 medicinal properties, whereas Inner Mongolia has 445 formulas, 667 tastes, and 430 medicinal properties.These medicinal materials were classified into 12 disease categories, 10 of which
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    Hepatitis C Virus Infection in Mongolia: Updated Provincial Data on Prevalence, Genotype Distribution, and Age-Specific Risk Factors
    (MDPI AG, 2025-12)
    Byambasuren, Amgalan
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    Baatarzorigt, Myagmarjaltsan
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    Otgon, Munkhtuya
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    (1) Background: Mongolia has historically reported one of the highest hepatitis C virus (HCV) prevalence rates globally, with past national estimates exceeding 15%, making HCV infection a major public health priority. This study aimed to assess the prevalence, genotype distribution, and risk factors of HCV infection among residents of Arkhangai Province. (2) Methods: This population-based cross-sectional study was conducted in 2022 including 2304 individuals aged 0-80 years. Serum samples were tested for anti-HCV antibodies using ELISA and for HCV RNA using PCR. Positive samples were genotyped, and demographic and exposure data were analyzed using logistic regression to identify independent risk factors. (3) Results: The prevalence of anti-HCV antibodies was 12.0%, and HCV RNA positivity was 7.16%. Infection increased significantly with age (p < 0.001) and was higher among females (14.6%) than males (8.4%). Genotype 1b predominated (98.2%), followed by 1a (1.2%) and 2 (0.6%). Several exposures showed strong associations with HCV infection in univariate analysis, including cupping therapy (OR 2.37, 95% CI 1.71-3.28), shared razor use (OR 2.39, 95% CI 1.59-3.60), cosmetic procedures (OR 1.70, 95% CI 1.11-2.45), and unsafe injections (OR 2.06, 95% CI 1.40-3.02). In multivariable analysis, four exposures remained independently associated with HCV infection: cupping therapy (adjusted OR 1.89, 95% CI 1.32-2.70), shared razor use (adjusted OR 1.98, 95% CI 1.24-2.89), cosmetic procedures (adjusted OR 1.62, 95% CI 1.39-2.24), and unsafe injections (adjusted OR 1.84, 95% CI 1.19-2.83). (4) Conclusions: HCV infection remains prevalent, particularly among older adults and women. Genotype 1b continues to predominate, indicating that the viral genetic distribution has remained largely unchanged over the past decade. Continued education, safe injection practices, and regulation of traditional and cosmetic procedures are essential to reduce HCV transmission and support Mongolia's elimination goals. These findings highlight the need for comprehensive prevention strategies addressing both unsafe traditional/medical practices and the rapidly expanding cosmetic and aesthetic service sector.
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    Assessment of empathy levels among pharmacy students in Mongolia using the Jefferson Scale of Empathy (JSE-HPS): A cross-sectional study
    Background: Empathy is an essential component of patient-centred healthcare and a key professional attribute for pharmacists. However, evidence regarding empathy among pharmacy students in Mongolia remains limited. This study aimed to assess empathy levels among pharmacy students and examine differences across demographic and educational characteristics. Methods: A cross-sectional quantitative study was conducted among 145 final-year students enrolled in the Pharmacist (5-year), Pharmacist (3+3), and Pharmacy Technician programmes at the Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences. Empathy was assessed using the Jefferson Scale of Empathy–Health Professions Students version (JSE-HPS). Data were analysed using descriptive statistics, independent-samples t-tests, and one-way ANOVA. Results: The overall mean empathy score was 86.2 ± 11.9 (range: 63–123). No significant differences in overall empathy scores were observed according to gender (p = 0.235), age group (p = 0.131), marital status (p = 0.067), or programme type (p = 0.632). However, empathy scores differed significantly according to place of residence (p = 0.045). Conclusion: This study provides the first evidence on empathy among pharmacy students in Mongolia using the Jefferson Scale of Empathy–Health Professions Students version (JSE-HPS). The findings support the integration of educational strategies to strengthen empathy-focused and patient-centred pharmaceutical care. Further multi-institutional and longitudinal studies are recommended.