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    Socioeconomic Factors Related to Nicotine Dependence in Mongolia
    (Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences, 2023-03-22) ;
    Singh, Pramil
    ;
    Peterson, Anne Berit
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    ;
    Objectives: This study is aimed to investigate potential socio-economic risk factors associated with Nicotine Dependence among UB residents. It is important to identify and understand the various elements that may make people more susceptible to the negative health effects of smoking. Methods: We applied a cross-sectional study design to define the level of nicotine dependence on 875 participants. In addition, risk factors associated with nicotine dependence were assessed through a questionnaire survey. Results: Higher nicotine dependence in this study was associated with being a female (OR=1.208), older age groups (OR=1.5-2.9), divorced (OR=1.091), living in a house (OR=1.602), having a high school education level (OR=1.794), not having a regular job (OR=1.137), having a higher alcohol consumption level (OR=1.18-1.62), and age at initiation of smoking at 18 or younger (OR=1.796). Conclusion: According to the results of our research, countries with low and moderate levels of income, such as Mongolia, have a significant problem with high levels of nicotine dependence. In addition to this, it underscores the importance of developing smoking cessation programs that consider the extent of nicotine dependence while placing a greater emphasis on early interventions of the linked factors.
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    Evaluating Smoking Cessation Counseling Bundle Behavioral Intervention for Mongolian Adults Who Use Nicotine Patches
    (Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences, 2023-03-20) ;
    Singh, Pramil
    ;
    ; ;
    Objectives: The objective of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of a behavioral intervention based on the World Health Organization (WHO) 5A and 5R guidelines in Mongolia who use the Nicotine Replacement Therapy (NRT) patch. The study aims to assess the impact of the intervention on smoking cessation rate. The finding of this study will contribute to the existing literature on smoking cessation interventions and provide valuable insights into the effectiveness of a behavioral approach in a Mongolian population. Methods: In the intervention study, out of total of 806 people interested in the part of this study. The study team excluded their eligibility criteria of the study participant. A sample of 625 people who fulfilled study inclusion criteria received advice about the negative consequences of tobacco. After that, 479 people decided to quit smoking and 41 people were excluded due to health contraindications, and the final sample 454 people began nicotine replacement therapy to quit smoking. Participants in the treatment group received nicotine replacement patches for 28 days, while those in the counseling group received four sessions of behavioral change counseling (5A, 5R). Results: 454 were found to be eligible to take part in the study and were subsequently assigned to one of two groups, with 230 and 224 participants assigned to each group, respectively. In the second month of follow-up, 90 (39.1%) of participants who received NRT patches quit smoking. The group that received NRT + Behavioral intervention was 1.02 times as successful, or 0.7% more effective, than the group that did not receive behavioral intervention (P=0.872). Conclusion: WHO 5A, 5R brief counselling were more effective than group without behavioral intervention for smoking cessation, but difference was insignificant.
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    Scopus© Citations 11
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    Scopus© Citations 12
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    Quality of life in the general population of Mongolia: Normative data on WHOQOL-BREF.
    (2023)
    Bat-Erdene, Enkhjin
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    Hiramoto, Tetsuya
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    ; ;
    Jamiyandorj, Otgonbold
    Scopus© Citations 19
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    Test-retest reliability of the questionnaire on the screening of sleep disorders
    (2021-09-26)
    Enkhzaya Batkhuyag
    ;
    ; ;
    Enkh-Uchral Perenleisambuu
    ;
    Enkhjin Bat-Erdene
    Sleep is a vital component for maintaining good physical and mental health. When sleep is disordered, it can adversely affect an individual's mental and physical wellbeing. Although a variety of single specific disorder measurements are available for specialized clinicians use across the globe, to date, there are no proper screening instruments available for screening multiple sleep disorders at the primary care level. The purpose of this study is to determine the test-retest reliability of the sleep disorder screening questionnaire (SDSQ) for detecting multiple sleep disorders among the Mongolian population. A total of 366 university students were recruited for participation. SDSQ was administrated to all participants on two occasions two weeks apart. The test-retest reliability intra-class correlation (ICC) and Cronbach's alpha of the SDSQ were calculated. The sample consisted of 194 (53%) females, and 172 (47%) males, with a mean age of 21.6. Observed test-retest reliability was ranged from 0.53 to 0.81. The SDSQ was found to have excellent internal consistency with an alpha=0.950. The external validity of SDSQ revealed strong test-retest reliability in the current study population. The discriminant and convergent validity studies are required for the further improvement of the construct of the SDSQ.
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    Psychometric properties of the Mongolian version of shitsu-taikan-sho (alexisomia) in young adults
    (2024) ;
    Batkhuyag, Enkhzaya
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    ;
    Urtnasan, Tserendolgor
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    Objective: Alexisomia is characterized by difficulty in identifying and describing bodily feelings. Shitsu-taikan-sho scale (STSS) is a self-report tool that assesses alexisomia. This study aimed to validate the Mongolian version of STSS in a nonclinical student sample. Methods: A total of 593 undergraduate students (217 males, 376 females, 18-25 years), who were studying at medical universities, were recruited. Participants completed the Mongolian version of STSS, which was translated from Japanese to Mongolian, back-translated, and finalized by an expert committee. Construct validity was examined using exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses for a three-factor structure. Internal consistency and test-retest reliability were measured using Cronbach's α and the intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC), respectively. Results: The mean scores of STSS were 18.6 ± 5.7 for difficulty identifying bodily feelings (DIB), 18.8 ± 4.0 for overadaptation (OA), 23.7 ± 4.1 for lack of health management (LHM), and 61.1 ± 10.5 for the total score (possible range: 7-35 for DIB, OA, LHM, and 21-105 for the total score, respectively). Exploratory factor analysis indicated a three-factor structure consisting of 21 items that explained 40.3% of the variance (KMO = 0.916, RMSEA = 0.049, χ2 = 372, p < .001). Confirmatory factor analysis provided a good fit to the data (CFI = 0.876, TLI = 0.861, RMSEA = 0.068, χ2 = 703, p < .001). Cronbach's alpha for the STSS was 0.860, indicating good internal consistency. Test-retest reliability analysis demonstrated good reliability (ICC = 0.791). Conclusion: The 21-item Mongolian version of STSS demonstrated evidence of good reliability and validity for assessing alexisomia in a nonclinical population in Mongolia. This suggests that the Mongolian version of the STSS may allow for the comparison of alexisomia among adults in Mongolia with those in other countries.
    Scopus© Citations 1
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    Anxiety, depression, and brain overwork in the general population of Mongolia
    (Springer Science and Business Media LLC, 2024-01) ;
    Hiramoto, Tetsuya
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    Bat-Erdene, Enkhjin
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    ;
    In Mongolia, there is limited data on the prevalence and correlates of common mental health conditions. This study addresses this data gap by exploring anxiety, depression, and brain overwork. The aim of this study was to determine normative data on these conditions in the general population of Mongolia. This nationwide, population-based, cross-sectional study was conducted in 48 sampling centers across Mongolia in 2020. A total of 613 participants (190 men and 423 women) with a mean age of 41.8 ± 12.4 years were recruited. The participants completed the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) and the Brain Overwork Scale (BOS-10). Vital signs, body measurements, and lifestyle determinants were also assessed. The prevalence of anxiety was 9.9%, depression was 4.9%, and brain overwork was 18.3% among the participants. Anxiety and depression were correlated with brain overwork symptoms. Brain overwork was associated with young age, unemployment, low income, and alcohol use. These findings suggest that anxiety, depression, and brain overwork are a significant problem in the general population of Mongolia. Further research is needed to develop effective interventions to reduce the prevalence and risk factors of anxiety, depression, and brain overwork.
    Scopus© Citations 5
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    Psychometric properties of Mongolian versions of the PHQ-9 and GAD-7 in young adults
    (2026-06-11)
    Oyunsuren Jargalsaikhan
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    ;
    Tergelsaran Olzvoi
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    Enkh-Uchral Perenleisambuu
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    Enkhzaya Batkhuyag
    The Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) and Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7) are standardized self-report tools for screening depressive and anxiety disorders, respectively. While they have been validated in various cultural contexts, their psychometric properties have not been thoroughly evaluated in Mongolia. This study aimed to validate the PHQ-9 and GAD-7 among young adults in Mongolia, ensuring their reliability and efficacy in assessing mental health. A cross-sectional study was conducted with 1,391 young adults (aged 17-29 years). Tests for internal consistency, test-retest reliability, and validity were performed, including exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). Convergent validity and cut-off scores were assessed using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). Results: Both the PHQ-9 and GAD-7 demonstrated excellent internal consistency (Cronbach’s alpha=0.913 and 0.895, respectively) and good test-retest reliability over time (ICC=0.637 for PHQ-9; ICC=0.782 for GAD-7). Factor analyses confirmed their unidimensional structures, explaining 59.1% and 61.5% of variance, respectively. Unidimensional models showed acceptable goodness-of-fit indices, with RMSEA values of 0.051 for PHQ-9 and 0.047 for GAD-7, indicating a close-to-good fit for both models. Strong correlations were observed between PHQ-9 and GAD-7 scores with HADS scores (p<0.001), indicating good convergent validity. Observed cut-off scores yielded high sensitivity and specificity in this sample population. The final Mongolian versions of the questionnaires exhibited robust psychometric properties. The PHQ-9 and GAD-7 were validated as reliable instruments for screening depression and anxiety among medical students in Mongolia. These findings improve the capacity for early identification and intervention in mental health among this population. However, further research should address limitations related to gender representation and the need for assessment in diverse settings.
    Scopus© Citations 1